I can answer a couple of your questions off the top of my head.
ERP stands for Effective Radiated Power. To find ERP, add the gain of the antenna (expressed in dB = decibels) to the output power of the transmitter (usually expressed in watts). For example, an antenna with a gain of 3 dB would double the output power of the transmitter (decibels are logarithmic, so 3 dB works out to be double, not triple). So, if the transmitter put out 100 watts, and the antenna had 3 dB gain, the ERP would be 200 watts. This means that the signal would be received as if the transmitter were actually 200 watts. It's a more accurate way of specifying the reception (or interference) range of the transmitter.
Emission type refers to the type of modulation (AM, FM, etc.). The number indicates the bandwidth of the modulated signal. On your scanner, aircraft uses AM (amplitude modulation) while police, fire, etc. use FM (Frequency Modulation). Interestingly, your television uses both AM and FM. The picture is transmitted in AM and the sound is transmitted in FM, within the same 6 MHz wide channel.
Hope this oversimplified explanation helps.
Randy