Having read everything thus far, the prime purpose of the testing is to compare the reception capabilities of the antenna constructed by digitalanalog (the Skyward), based on the ST2 Scantenna, to the ST2 itself. Again, this is a “comparison” test and has nothing to do with gain.
The gain of an antenna to receive is a measure of its ability to convert electromagnetic waves to electrical power, usually referenced to a hypothetical lossless isotropic antenna, and expressed in dBi. If the reference is lossless half-wave dipole antenna, the gain is expressed in dBd. A lossless half-wave dipole has a gain of 2.15 dBi. Thus dBd = dBi + 2.15. The isotropic antenna has a gain on unity (1) by definition. A plot of gain vs azimuth gives the familiar antenna pattern with the highest gain assigned the”antenna gain”.
In our case we are comparing two nearly identical (theoretically) antennas. We will assume they are basically omni-directional from the design; no need for antenna pattern, simplifying testing. Under identical conditions if one antenna delivered twice the power to our measuring instrument its numerical gain is 2 (3dB). There is no subscript as this is relative gain.
The comparison against a Discone will be interesting. Here again the gain of the Discone is of no consequence. We are comparing antennas to each other. I’m afraid if some knew the absolute gains of any of these antennas they’d be disappointed. Some might even be negative at some (all?) frequencies.