I'm based in Calgary, so I can probably answer your question. Calgary Fire and the airport FD are monitorable on the Calgary Municipal Radio system, along with Rocky View and Foothills County Fire Depts (both use the provincial AFRRCS system). Some other smaller area fire departments are also monitorable, but it depends on where you are located
I can hear as far as Mountain View and Kneehill Counties on a good day, but I am located in the NW near Nose Hill Park, with decent elevation.
There are not many old-school FM or simplex frequencies in use anymore, STARS uses some and CFD has some backup simplex channels.
Calgary Transit and some area Peace Officer channels are monitorable.
Pretty much all of AHS, CPS and all other law enforcement are encrypted apart from the AHS mutual-aid frequencies and CPS's "all-call" channel (where they broadcast major incidents). That's really about it.
There are also some mutual-aid channels on the provincial system where you can sometimes hear comm's between the RCMP and CPS, but that doesn't happen too often.
For a traditional scanner, you will need something that is able to receive P25 Phase II networks, as both the Calgary Municipal system and the provincial AFRRCS system are both P25 Phase II. I use both a Uniden BCD996P2 (base station) and a Uniden BCD325P2 (handheld). You're going to be looking at around at least $400+ for either of those and closer to $600+ for the base station. I've never used any of the USB dongles and their software, so I can't help you there.
Hope that helps!