Each are a little different, even by the same railroad/region.
SP's gave out mileposts, and usually talked as the train reached them, and after the last axle past thru the detector.
CSX give the milepost, and sometime axle count, or would just say no defect. Some will annouce speed, some don't
Conrail's annouced the location by town, axle count and speed
Most of Amtrak's will give just speed and temp
It all depends on the maintainer and line volume. In busy area's, you don't need something talking on the radio for 30 secs at a clip.
The voice of the SP (Southern Pacific) detectors is/was an office worker in the corporate building.
The newest/advanced CSX detector that I have heard are hooked up to the AEI readers. While traveling to Ohio, I heard the detector go off with a defected.. It annouced (along these lines) CSX Detector MP xxx Stop your train stop your train....1st defect on CSX Train Q264 - Engine CSXT 612 - first defect axle 145 north side UP 523543 (would repeat the car number then went onto the second defect in the train). Took up a lot of airtime, but it definatly helps out the crew to find the right car.