Here is some info to help you.
QNH is atmospheric air pressure with reference to sea level at that location. This is important to know, as altimeters work off air pressure. Knowing what the air pressure at sea level would then allow an altimeter to show height above sea level. This is a good thing, as maps are marked with terrain in height above sea level.
QFE is just straight air pressure at that location. An altimeter set for QFE will read 0 altitude at ground level - simple, but you then loose reference for terrain which is marked in heights above sea level. And that can be a bad thing.
VOR has already been covered. Often it's referred to as 'the omni' as well. You'll also hear about 'radials' and 'arcs'. A radial is simply a bearing directly to or from the VOR. An 'arc' is a constant distance from the VOR. And a 'track' is to travel in a straight line over the ground as a reference. So you might 'track' from a position to 'intercept' a 'radial', or perhaps flying an 'arc' until you reach that radial. Another less used term now is DME, Distance Measuring Equipment. Often, but not always located with a VOR so you can tell how far away you are from the VOR. Spoken as 10DME - meaning 10 miles away from the DME/VOR.
NDB = Non-directional Beacon. Operating in the 200-450 kHz band, these beacons don't send out any 'information' as to which direction the aircraft is from the beacon, but the ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) instument in the cockpit that 'reads' the NDB beacons will show the direction to the beacon.
Localiser is part of the ILS (Instrument Landing System)- it's the beam of radio (108-118 MHz) sent out in a line along the length of the runway. The glide-slope (220-240 MHz from memory) is a beam sent out from the ideal touchdown point at the end of the runway, at a slope of about 3 degrees, or one that will permit safe clearance over local terrain. The idea is that an instrument in the cockpit will permit a pilot to guide the aircraft down the glide-slope and along the line of the localiser, so that they can be assisted in making a safe approach to the runway in less than ideal conditions. However its not used to make 'blind' landings, the pilot must be able to see the runway within 100 feet of the ground - if not, they have to 'go around' (that is to cease decent and apply power to climb away for another attempt).
A circuit is pretty much that - a circuit pattern flown when approaching the airport. Typically flown at 1000 feet above air field ground level, it consists of a upwind, crosswind, downwind, base and final. Close in to the runway is 'short final'. Typically aircraft join a circuit at downwind, but joining crosswind or on base isn't unknown either. Circuits are flown either clockwise (right circuit) or anti-clockwise (left circuit).
Squak - this is to do with a radar transponder, a four digit code you can set that will positively & uniquely identify an aircraft on radar. Setting (squaking) certain codes, like 7700, indicates a Mayday - and the controllers radar display will emphasise any 'radar paints' with 7700 to highlight their situation.
IFR = Instrument Flight Rules. Flying using instruments as the primary navigational reference.
VFR = Visual Flight Rules, flying using visual references.
STAR = Standard Terminal ARrival. A published and known approach profile & route. Given names like "Warren 1 arrival".
SID = Standard Instrument Departure. A published and known departure profile & route. Again given wierd little names like "Ipsode 3 departure".
MBZ = Mandatory Broadcast Zone, all aircraft must broadcast information on entering and while transiting the area.
CTAF = Common Traffic Advisory Frequency: used when either local control tower is closed, or a tower-less airfield. Pilots talk to one another to advise of their intentions.
TTF = Trend Type Forecast (weather)
SIGMET = Significant Meteorological conditions (observations or imminent forecast) advisory
TCAS = Traffic Collision Avoidance System - nifty little device that alerts pilots to other nearby aircraft and gives instructions on avoidance maneuvering. Usually only carried by larger / commercial aircraft.
NOTAM = NOTice to AirMen, notes sent out about typically temporary situations affecting flights eg: NOTAM about a faulty radio navigation beacon
SAR = Search And Rescue. SARTIME is a time an aircraft has to report in by radio or phone - if they don't, then ATC initiate steps to locate them - initially by calling, then by getting other aircraft to help locate them, and then finally if all else fails, initiate Search and Rescue.
VASI or T-VASI - Visual Approach Slope Indicator. System of lights that guides a pilot down a 3 degree approach slope for landing. PAPI (Precision Approach Position Indicator) uses a VASI to provide this functionality.
ERSA = EnRoute Supplement Australia - publication of airfield data - runway lengths, weight handling, frequencies used, hours open, local hazards etc etc.
VTC = Visual Terminal Chart - maps of the area surrounding a major airfield.
