Why has some one not made a better RF Gain filer adapter that plugs on to your coax or a include in a SWR Meter?
Ummm; you could put a power attenuator in your coax line, but every 3 dB reduction would also cut your transmit in half. And you cannot filter the specific channel at the coax (well you can if you have super skills and NASA budget).
Your first thoughts about better receiver IF filters, and as suggested, by other reducing RF gain would help. The website CBC International is operated by Lou Franklin, he is author of some fine technical manuals. You might want to buy his repair guide . If he is still taking calls, you might ask if one of the IF filter kits will work in your radio and if he can recommend someone locally to install it. But I wonder if his kits work with newer radios which have all surface mount parts and filters.
Frankly in my experience a lot of the CB "technicians" seem to be obsessed with turning adjustments in the radio which were already tuned to near perfection at the factory in Manila. Unless you have some specific technical equipment and skills, adjusting the radio is a bad idea.
You don't need a "HAM LICENSE" for any of this, nor will having a HAM LICENSE fix any problems or remove gray hair. But buying a copy of the ARRL handbook (even a 10 year old one) would be helpful in your quest to learn.
Receiver IF crystals have specific characteristics and if you know them, you can buy ones that are a bit sharper, or cascade two filters in place of one. But it takes study and skill.
If you compare specs between radios you might find that some makes and models are better than what you have. Then trade up to one more suited.
Now the bad news, if the guy on the adjacent channel has messed with his radio and is over-modulating and splattering, there is no filter in the world that will fix that.
PRC guy made some good comments, and more succinctly than my ramblings!