You could try an old Sierra Wireless GX440/GX450 cellular modem. These devices have a SMA antenna port for GPS and can be configured to spit out NMEA sentences on the 9 pin serial port. I haven't tried using one without an active SIM card but I think it would still work.
Used ones are plentiful & cheap on eBay.
Used ones are plentiful & cheap on eBay.